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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00432_Field_432.txt
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1996-12-31
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68 lines
PERIPHERALISTS AND
CENTRALISTS Apart from
particular theoretical
perspectives, investigation in
visual perception is
characterized by dispute over
the question of whether a
particular phenomenon can be
explained in terms of a
peripheral mechanism or
requires a more central
explanation. By "peripheral" is
meant a mechanism that can be
localized in the eye or the
movements of the eye; by
"central" is meant a process
that must occur deeper in the
brain and thus often cannot
even be specified in "hardware
language" because we do not
know enough about the brain.
For example, suppose the
phenomenon in question is the
constancy of lightness of a
surface despite variations in
illumination on the surface.
Ewald Hering, a contemporary
and a theoretical opponent of
Helmholtz, suggested several
possible explanations.
Although Hering advanced
other, more central
explanations, one was based on
the well-known fact that the
iris surrounding the pupillary
opening of the eye
automatically alters the pupilΓÇÖs
diameter as a function of the
amount of light reaching the
eye. If the illumination on a
surface increases, the
pupillary opening decreases,
and this has the effect of
offsetting the increased level of
illumination. Thus, the
intensity of light reaching the
retina from a surface of a given
reflectance could conceivably
remain constant. If it did,
perceptual constancy would be
explained. This peripheral
explanation turns out to be
incorrect because, among other
reasons, while the area of the
pupil can change only by a
factor of about 17, illumination
can change by a factor of
100,000. By way of contrast,
HelmholtzΓÇÖs view that the
perceptual system takes
account of the level of
illumination and allows for it
in judging sensations of
intensity is a central theory. As
has been seen, however, it is
quite probable that this theory
is also incorrect.